# SS-31 (Elamipretide)

> Cardiolipin-targeting peptide studied for mitochondrial dysfunction.

Source: https://peptides.cafe/peptide/ss-31
Category: Mitochondrial
Tag: Mitochondrial

## Mechanism
A tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, preserving electron transport efficiency, and reducing reactive oxygen species production.

## Research areas
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- Primary mitochondrial myopathy
- Age-related muscle dysfunction
- Dry AMD (ophthalmology)

## Common research protocols
- Daily subcutaneous clinical trials: Investigated in once-daily subcutaneous regimens for mitochondrial myopathy and HFpEF.

## Study summaries
- "Elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy (MMPOWER-3)" — Neurology (2020): Did not meet primary endpoints but showed signals in subgroup analyses.

## Considerations
- Investigational; not FDA-approved.
- Injection-site reactions are common in trials.

## Disclaimer
Educational content only. Not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Most research peptides are not FDA-approved for human therapeutic use. Consult a licensed clinician before any use.